Galatia 4:23

4:23 But one, the son by the slave woman, was born by natural descent, ¹  while the other, the son by the free woman, was born through the promise.

Galatia 4:29

4:29 But just as at that time the one born by natural descent ²  persecuted the one born according to the Spirit, ³  so it is now.

Kejadian 24:2-3

24:2 Abraham said to his servant, the senior one ⁴  in his household who was in charge of everything he had, “Put your hand under my thigh ⁵  24:3 so that I may make you solemnly promise ⁶  by the Lord, the God of heaven and the God of the earth: You must not acquire ⁷  a wife for my son from the daughters of the Canaanites, among whom I am living.

Kejadian 24:2

24:2 Abraham said to his servant, the senior one ⁸  in his household who was in charge of everything he had, “Put your hand under my thigh ⁹ 

Kisah Para Rasul 10:1-2

Peter Visits Cornelius

10:1 Now there was a man in Caesarea ¹⁰  named Cornelius, a centurion ¹¹  of what was known as the Italian Cohort. ¹²  10:2 He ¹³  was a devout, God-fearing man, ¹⁴  as was all his household; he did many acts of charity for the people ¹⁵  and prayed to God regularly.

Kisah Para Rasul 11:12

11:12 The Spirit told me to accompany them without hesitation. These six brothers ¹⁶  also went with me, and we entered the man’s house.

Kisah Para Rasul 12:2

12:2 He had James, the brother of John, executed with a sword. ¹⁷ 

[4:23]  ¹ tn Grk “born according to the flesh”; BDAG 916 s.v. σάρξ 4 has “Of natural descent τὰ τέκνα τῆς σαρκός children by natural descent Ro 9:8 (opp. τὰ τέκνα τῆς ἐπαγγελίας). ὁ μὲν ἐκ τῆς παιδίσκης κατὰ σάρκα γεγέννηται Gal 4:23; cp. vs. 29.”

[4:29]  ² tn Grk “according to the flesh”; see the note on the phrase “by natural descent” in 4:23.

[4:29]  ³ tn Or “the one born by the Spirit’s [power].”

[24:2]  ⁴ tn The Hebrew term זָקֵן (zaqen) may refer to the servant who is oldest in age or senior in authority (or both).

[24:2]  ⁵ sn Put your hand under my thigh. The taking of this oath had to do with the sanctity of the family and the continuation of the family line. See D. R. Freedman, “Put Your Hand Under My Thigh – the Patriarchal Oath,” BAR 2 (1976): 2-4, 42.

[24:3]  ⁶ tn Following the imperative, the cohortative with the prefixed conjunction indicates purpose.

[24:3]  ⁷ tn Heb “because you must not take.”

[24:2]  ⁸ tn The Hebrew term זָקֵן (zaqen) may refer to the servant who is oldest in age or senior in authority (or both).

[24:2]  ⁹ sn Put your hand under my thigh. The taking of this oath had to do with the sanctity of the family and the continuation of the family line. See D. R. Freedman, “Put Your Hand Under My Thigh – the Patriarchal Oath,” BAR 2 (1976): 2-4, 42.

[10:1]  ¹⁰ sn Caesarea was a city on the coast of Palestine south of Mount Carmel (not Caesarea Philippi). It was known as “Caesarea by the sea” (BDAG 499 s.v. Καισάρεια 2). Largely Gentile, it was a center of Roman administration and the location of many of Herod the Great’s building projects (Josephus, Ant. 15.9.6 [15.331-341]).

[10:1]  map For location see Map2 C1; Map4 B3; Map5 F2; Map7 A1; JP1 F4; JP2 F4; JP3 F4; JP4 F4.

[10:1]  ¹¹ sn A centurion was a noncommissioned officer in the Roman army or one of the auxiliary territorial armies, commanding a centuria of (nominally) 100 men. The responsibilities of centurions were broadly similar to modern junior officers, but there was a wide gap in social status between them and officers, and relatively few were promoted beyond the rank of senior centurion. The Roman troops stationed in Judea were auxiliaries, who would normally be rewarded with Roman citizenship after 25 years of service. Some of the centurions may have served originally in the Roman legions (regular army) and thus gained their citizenship at enlistment. Others may have inherited it, like Paul.

[10:1]  ¹² sn A cohort was a Roman military unit of about 600 soldiers, one-tenth of a legion (BDAG 936 s.v. σπεῖρα). The Italian Cohort has been identified as cohors II Italica which is known to have been stationed in Syria in a.d. 88.

[10:2]  ¹³ tn In the Greek text this represents a continuation of the previous sentence. Because of the tendency of contemporary English to use shorter sentences, a new sentence was begun here in the translation.

[10:2]  ¹⁴ sn The description of Cornelius as a devout, God-fearing man probably means that he belonged to the category called “God-fearers,” Gentiles who worshiped the God of Israel and in many cases kept the Mosaic law, but did not take the final step of circumcision necessary to become a proselyte to Judaism. See further K. G. Kuhn, TDNT 6:732-34, 43-44, and Sir 11:17; 27:11; 39:27.

[10:2]  ¹⁵ tn Or “gave many gifts to the poor.” This was known as “giving alms,” or acts of mercy (Sir 7:10; BDAG 315-16 s.v. ἐλεημοσύνη).

[11:12]  ¹⁶ sn Six witnesses is three times more than what would normally be required. They could confirm the events were not misrepresented by Peter.

[12:2]  ¹⁷ sn The expression executed with a sword probably refers to a beheading. James was the first known apostolic martyr (Eusebius, Eccl. Hist. 2.9.1-3). On James, not the Lord’s brother, see Luke 5:10; 6:14. This death ended a short period of peace noted in Acts 9:31 after the persecution mentioned in 8:1-3.